Lens Filter Kit

VIVITAR Multi Coated FILTER KIT 77mm UV CPL and FDL
VIVITAR Multi Coated FILTER KIT 77mm UV CPL and FDL
$17.50
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58MM FILTER COLOR GRADUATED KIT + MICROFIBER FOR CAMERA SRL CANON 600D T3I
58MM FILTER COLOR GRADUATED KIT + MICROFIBER FOR CAMERA SRL CANON 600D T3I
$33.24
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Petal lens hood UV CPL FLD filter kit cap keeper for Canon EOS T2i T1i T3i
Petal lens hood UV CPL FLD filter kit cap keeper for Canon EOS T2i T1i T3i
$18.04
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58mm MACRO CLOSE UP Lens 4 Filter Kit Set +1+2+4+10 NEW
58mm MACRO CLOSE UP Lens 4 Filter Kit Set +1+2+4+10 NEW
$11.90
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58MM Filter kit UV close up macro lens for Canon 600D T3i T2i
58MM Filter kit UV close up macro lens for Canon 600D T3i T2i
$18.39
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ND2 ND4 ND8 58mm 58 Neutral density filter kit for Canon XT XTi T2i T1i
ND2 ND4 ND8 58mm 58 Neutral density filter kit for Canon XT XTi T2i T1i
$17.24 (1 Bid)
Time Remaining: 1h 27m

Zeikos 52mm Closeup Macro +1 +2 +4 +10 Filter Kit High Resolution
Zeikos 52mm Closeup Macro +1 +2 +4 +10 Filter Kit High Resolution
$10.95
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58MM Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit for Canon EOS 350D 400D 450D XTI XT
58MM Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit for Canon EOS 350D 400D 450D XTI XT
$17.24
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Petal lens hood + UV CPL FLD filter kit + cap + keeper for Nikon D5000 D3000
Petal lens hood + UV CPL FLD filter kit + cap + keeper for Nikon D5000 D3000
$18.39
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Vivitar Multi Coated 67 67mm Series 1 Filter Kit UV CPL FLD
Vivitar Multi Coated 67 67mm Series 1 Filter Kit UV CPL FLD
$13.95
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67MM Graduated Color Filter Lens Kit for all Canon Nikon 67MM
67MM Graduated Color Filter Lens Kit for all Canon Nikon 67MM
$40.84
Time Remaining: 1h 27m

Cokin U960 Graduated ND Neutral Density Z PRO Filter Kit Z121L Z121M Z121S
Cokin U960 Graduated ND Neutral Density Z PRO Filter Kit Z121L Z121M Z121S
$301.31
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67MM Filter Kit f Nikon D80 D90 D7000 18 105mm Includes UV CPL FLD + Lens Hood
67MM Filter Kit f Nikon D80 D90 D7000 18 105mm Includes UV CPL FLD + Lens Hood
$18.99
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

52MM Lens hood + UV ND CPL filter kit 52MM for Pentax K10D K x K r K m
52MM Lens hood + UV ND CPL filter kit 52MM for Pentax K10D K x K r K m
$16.66
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

UV Lens Filter+Hood+Pen Kit for Canon EF S 18 55mm 58mm
UV Lens Filter+Hood+Pen Kit for Canon EF S 18 55mm 58mm
$7.69
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67mm 3 Filter kit UV FLD CPL circular polarizer f Canon 7D 50D 17 85mm lens
67mm 3 Filter kit UV FLD CPL circular polarizer f Canon 7D 50D 17 85mm lens
$17.24
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

UV CPL FLD Professional lens filter kit for Canon G10 G11 camera adapter
UV CPL FLD Professional lens filter kit for Canon G10 G11 camera adapter
$17.09
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Vivitar 58mm UV CPL ND8 3 Piece Multi Coated Filter Kit
Vivitar 58mm UV CPL ND8 3 Piece Multi Coated Filter Kit
$13.95
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52mm Professional UV CPL FLD filter lens kit for camera SRL Nikon D5000 D3000
52mm Professional UV CPL FLD filter lens kit for camera SRL Nikon D5000 D3000
$15.51
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Vivitar 52mm Multi Coated Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Series 1 Optics
Vivitar 52mm Multi Coated Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Series 1 Optics
$12.95
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52MM Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit +white balance cap for Nikon D5000 D5100
52MM Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit +white balance cap for Nikon D5000 D5100
$17.24 (1 Bid)
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

67mm 67 mm Neutral density filter kit ND2 ND4 ND8 f Canon 7D 50D 17 85mm lens
67mm 67 mm Neutral density filter kit ND2 ND4 ND8 f Canon 7D 50D 17 85mm lens
$17.09
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Vivitar 58mm Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Multi Coated Series 1 Optics
Vivitar 58mm Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Multi Coated Series 1 Optics
$16.99
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67mm UV CPL FLD + ND2 ND4 ND8 filter lens kit for digital camera Canon Nikon
67mm UV CPL FLD + ND2 ND4 ND8 filter lens kit for digital camera Canon Nikon
$28.74
Time Remaining: 1h 27m

58MM Lens hood + UV ND CPL filter kit f 58 MM + white balance cap + microfiber
58MM Lens hood + UV ND CPL filter kit f 58 MM + white balance cap + microfiber
$19.54
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Vivitar 72mm Multi Coated Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Series 1 Optics
Vivitar 72mm Multi Coated Filter Kit UV+CPL+FLD Series 1 Optics
$16.99
Time Remaining: 6d 22h 19m
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67MM LENS HOOD + UV CPL FILTER + CAP + CLEANING KIT +MICROFIBER FOR SONY DSC R1
67MM LENS HOOD + UV CPL FILTER + CAP + CLEANING KIT +MICROFIBER FOR SONY DSC R1
$20.11
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Digital Concepts 67mm UV Polarizer  FLD Deluxe Filter kit set of 3 + carrying
Digital Concepts 67mm UV Polarizer FLD Deluxe Filter kit set of 3 + carrying
$10.19
Time Remaining: 14d 3h 57m
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67MM UV CPL FLD Filter Kit + Universal Hood + Microfiber For Nikon Coolpix L120
67MM UV CPL FLD Filter Kit + Universal Hood + Microfiber For Nikon Coolpix L120
$33.24
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

55mm UV CPL FLD filter kit + petal lens hood for Sony alpha A390 A400 A450
55mm UV CPL FLD filter kit + petal lens hood for Sony alpha A390 A400 A450
$14.24
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

6pcs Gradual+Full ND2 ND4 ND8 Filter Kit Cokin P Series
6pcs Gradual+Full ND2 ND4 ND8 Filter Kit Cokin P Series
$19.40
Time Remaining: 6d 10h 10m
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55mm UV CPL Polarized FLD filter lens kit for Sony Alpha DSLR A100 A200 A300
55mm UV CPL Polarized FLD filter lens kit for Sony Alpha DSLR A100 A200 A300
$15.51
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Filter kit ND 2 4 8 UV CPL graduated red + keeper + cap for Nikon camera DSLR
Filter kit ND 2 4 8 UV CPL graduated red + keeper + cap for Nikon camera DSLR
$26.59
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

58mm Close up Macro +1+2+4+10 SLR Lens Filter Kit Set
58mm Close up Macro +1+2+4+10 SLR Lens Filter Kit Set
$12.99
Time Remaining: 22d 12h 36m
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52mm 3 Filter kit UV ND4 CPL circular polarizer for Nikon D5100 D3100
52mm 3 Filter kit UV ND4 CPL circular polarizer for Nikon D5100 D3100
$15.19
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

FOR CANON Sony Nikon UV + CPL FILTER KIT + LENS HOOD 55MM Accessory Bundle
FOR CANON Sony Nikon UV + CPL FILTER KIT + LENS HOOD 55MM Accessory Bundle
$9.66
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58mm 28Pc UV CLOSE UP ND CAMERA FILTER LENS KIT 4 CANON EOS REBEL T1i T2i T3i T3
58mm 28Pc UV CLOSE UP ND CAMERA FILTER LENS KIT 4 CANON EOS REBEL T1i T2i T3i T3
$64.00
Time Remaining: 8h 41m
Buy It Now for only: $71.10

Professional 58MM Filter Kit for Canon Rebel T3i T3 T2i T2 T1i XT XS
Professional 58MM Filter Kit for Canon Rebel T3i T3 T2i T2 T1i XT XS
$52.24
Time Remaining: 1d 2h 42m

58mm 3PC Filter KIT CPL Polarizing for Canon T1i XS XSi
58mm 3PC Filter KIT CPL Polarizing for Canon T1i XS XSi
$6.54
Time Remaining: 26d 3h 7m
Buy It Now for only: $6.54

ND2 ND4 ND8 52mm 52 Neutral density filter kit for Nikon D60 D40 D40X D80
ND2 ND4 ND8 52mm 52 Neutral density filter kit for Nikon D60 D40 D40X D80
$13.29
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

67MM Essential graduated filter kit + cleaning kit for FujiFilm S100FS S200EXR
67MM Essential graduated filter kit + cleaning kit for FujiFilm S100FS S200EXR
$26.59
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

Zeikos 62mm Closeup Macro +1 +2 +4 +10 Filter Kit w case
Zeikos 62mm Closeup Macro +1 +2 +4 +10 Filter Kit w case
$11.95
Time Remaining: 29d 22h
Buy It Now for only: $11.95

62mm Lens filter kit CPL UV FLD for all Nikon 62 mm
62mm Lens filter kit CPL UV FLD for all Nikon 62 mm
$13.21
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

52mm 3 Piece UV FLD CPL SLR Camera Lens Filter Kit NEW
52mm 3 Piece UV FLD CPL SLR Camera Lens Filter Kit NEW
$11.95
Time Remaining: 28d 19h 20m
Buy It Now for only: $11.95

58mm 6P UV COLOR CONVERSION FILTER KIT FOR CAMERA EOS REBEL CANON T1i T2i T3i T3
58mm 6P UV COLOR CONVERSION FILTER KIT FOR CAMERA EOS REBEL CANON T1i T2i T3i T3
$17.90
Time Remaining: 8h 41m
Buy It Now for only: $19.99

37MM UV CPL POLARIZED FILTER LENS KIT FOR PANASONIC PV GS80
37MM UV CPL POLARIZED FILTER LENS KIT FOR PANASONIC PV GS80
$8.61
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

55mm Multi Coated UV Filter Kit
55mm Multi Coated UV Filter Kit
$1.99
Time Remaining: 29d 8h 51m
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58mm Essential kit 22X HD Pro Telephoto + UV filter f Canon T1i T2i 600D T3i
58mm Essential kit 22X HD Pro Telephoto + UV filter f Canon T1i T2i 600D T3i
$18.99
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

77 77mm Neutral density ND filter kit ND2 ND4 ND8 for Canon 24 105 IS lens
77 77mm Neutral density ND filter kit ND2 ND4 ND8 for Canon 24 105 IS lens
$18.54 (2 Bids)
Time Remaining: 2h 26m

Hoya 52mm Digital Filter Kit UV CPL  ND8 w Filter Wallet
Hoya 52mm Digital Filter Kit UV CPL ND8 w Filter Wallet
$59.95
Time Remaining: 7d 1h 10m
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52mm Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit + white balance cap f Nikon D3000 D3100
52mm Lens hood + UV CPL ND filter kit + white balance cap f Nikon D3000 D3100
$16.66
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

58 58mm Macro Close Up +1 +2 +4 +10 Close Up Filter Kit
58 58mm Macro Close Up +1 +2 +4 +10 Close Up Filter Kit
$15.99
Time Remaining: 11d 11h 23m
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58mm 28P UV DIFFUSER COLOR CAMERA FILTER SET LENS KIT FOR CANON EOS REBEL ALL
58mm 28P UV DIFFUSER COLOR CAMERA FILTER SET LENS KIT FOR CANON EOS REBEL ALL
$65.50
Time Remaining: 8h 40m
Buy It Now for only: $79.20

67MM CPL UV FLD LENS FILTER KIT + METAL ADAPTER TUBE FOR NIKON COOLPIX L110
67MM CPL UV FLD LENS FILTER KIT + METAL ADAPTER TUBE FOR NIKON COOLPIX L110
$28.74
Time Remaining: 2h 41m

5 Piece HD Lens 67mm Filter Kit for Nikon 18 105mm Lens
5 Piece HD Lens 67mm Filter Kit for Nikon 18 105mm Lens
$22.95
Time Remaining: 29d 16h 19m
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77mm Filter kit CPL + UV + ND + cleaning pen + microfiber f cameras Nikon Canon
77mm Filter kit CPL + UV + ND + cleaning pen + microfiber f cameras Nikon Canon
$17.24
Time Remaining: 1h 26m

72MM Filter graduated color set + pen + cleaning kit for Nikon D SLR camera lens
72MM Filter graduated color set + pen + cleaning kit for Nikon D SLR camera lens
$26.59
Time Remaining: 2h 41m

Tiffen 77mm Neutral Density Filter Kit ND 06 09 12 77NDK3 Authorized Dealer
Tiffen 77mm Neutral Density Filter Kit ND 06 09 12 77NDK3 Authorized Dealer
$114.95
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FOR CANON REBEL T2I T1I XSI EOS 550D 600D 500D UV+CPL FILTER KIT+LENS HOOD 55MM
FOR CANON REBEL T2I T1I XSI EOS 550D 600D 500D UV+CPL FILTER KIT+LENS HOOD 55MM
$10.41
Time Remaining: 5h 11m
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5 Piece HD Lens 58mm Filter Kit f Canon 18 55mm 24mm 28mm 70 300mm 75 300mm Lens
5 Piece HD Lens 58mm Filter Kit f Canon 18 55mm 24mm 28mm 70 300mm 75 300mm Lens
$19.95
Time Remaining: 27d 16h 22m
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58mm 28Pc UV CLOSE UP ND CAMERA FILTER LENS KIT 4 CANON EOS REBEL T1i T2i T3i T3
58mm 28Pc UV CLOSE UP ND CAMERA FILTER LENS KIT 4 CANON EOS REBEL T1i T2i T3i T3
$64.00
Time Remaining: 7h 33m
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52MM BEGINNERS ACCESSORY KIT FOR NIKON D90 D80 D70 D60 D50 D40 D3100
52MM BEGINNERS ACCESSORY KIT FOR NIKON D90 D80 D70 D60 D50 D40 D3100
$18.99
Time Remaining: 1h 26m
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58mm CPL+UV+FLD+Lens Cap Filter Kit for Canon EOS 450D 500D 600D 1100D LF65
58mm CPL+UV+FLD+Lens Cap Filter Kit for Canon EOS 450D 500D 600D 1100D LF65
$13.99
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Cokin Creative Filter Video Kit  All items excellent condition
Cokin Creative Filter Video Kit All items excellent condition
$5.00
Time Remaining: 2h 17m

Hoya 37mm Digital Filter Kit Includes UV Cir Polarizer  NDX8 with Pouch NEW
Hoya 37mm Digital Filter Kit Includes UV Cir Polarizer NDX8 with Pouch NEW
$59.95
Time Remaining: 2h 23m

Vivitar 3 Piece Filter Kit Uv fdl cpl 67MM
Vivitar 3 Piece Filter Kit Uv fdl cpl 67MM
$10.99
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Hoya 405mm Digital Filter Kit Includes UV Cir Polarizer  NDX8 with Pouch NEW
Hoya 405mm Digital Filter Kit Includes UV Cir Polarizer NDX8 with Pouch NEW
$43.97
Time Remaining: 2h 23m

58MM Filter Kit for Canon T3i T2i T1i XS XSi Includes UV CPL FLD + Lens Hood
58MM Filter Kit for Canon T3i T2i T1i XS XSi Includes UV CPL FLD + Lens Hood
$14.99
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3 lens kit fisheye for Canon Eos Digital Rebel T3 T3i T2 T2i XT XTi XS XSi 1100d
3 lens kit fisheye for Canon Eos Digital Rebel T3 T3i T2 T2i XT XTi XS XSi 1100d
$37.95
Time Remaining: 1h 22m

23 P 67mm UV MACRO COLOR DIFFUSER FILTER SET LENS KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS 600D
23 P 67mm UV MACRO COLOR DIFFUSER FILTER SET LENS KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS 600D
$91.05
Time Remaining: 8h 42m
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52mm Multi Coated UV Filter Kit
52mm Multi Coated UV Filter Kit
$1.99
Time Remaining: 29d 8h 51m
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58mm 5Pc CLOSE UP UV MACRO FILTER LENS KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS T1i T2i T3i T3
58mm 5Pc CLOSE UP UV MACRO FILTER LENS KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS T1i T2i T3i T3
$16.10
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58mm 6Pc UV COLOR CONVERSION FILTER KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS REBEL ALL  550D
58mm 6Pc UV COLOR CONVERSION FILTER KIT FOR CAMERA CANON EOS REBEL ALL 550D
$17.91
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Vivitar 37mm 37 UV + CPL + ND8 Multicoated Filter Kit VIV FKND 37
Vivitar 37mm 37 UV + CPL + ND8 Multicoated Filter Kit VIV FKND 37
$10.95
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58mm 28Pc FILTER SET LENS KIT UV ND 3 5 IMAGE 5P COLOR FIELD 4 CANON EOS T1i T2i
58mm 28Pc FILTER SET LENS KIT UV ND 3 5 IMAGE 5P COLOR FIELD 4 CANON EOS T1i T2i
$66.00
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PYLE PLCM10 License Plate Mount Rear View camera with 0 Lux Night Vision PYLE PLCM10 License Plate Mount Rear View camera with 0 Lux Night Vision

List Price: $59.99
Sale Price: $14.00
You save: $45.99 (77%)

 

Description

RESOLUTION: 380 TV LINES X 60 FIELDSIMAGE SENSOR: OV 7910 COLOR CMOSLENS: 6MM 92 LOW LIGHT ILLUMINATION: 1.5 LUX @ F1.2VIDEO OUTPUT: RCA 1.0 @ 75_POWER SUPPLY: DC 12V > 75_AUTO SWITCH PAL/NTSCTEMPERATURE: -10 50 CCAMERA DIM: 1...

Pyle PLCM18BC License Plate Mount Rear View Backup Color Camera with Distance Scale Line ''Zinc Black Chrome'' Pyle PLCM18BC License Plate Mount Rear View Backup Color Camera with Distance Scale Line ''Zinc Black Chrome''

List Price: $79.99
Sale Price: $34.17
You save: $45.82 (57%)

 

Description

The PLCM18BC is a rear-view backup camera that easily mounts to your vehicle's license plate cover. Paired with an in-vehicle monitor, it's a great way to increase the safety and security of your vehicle...

Streamlight 74301 Strion LED Flashlight with AC/12-Volt DC and 1-Holder, Black Streamlight 74301 Strion LED Flashlight with AC/12-Volt DC and 1-Holder, Black

List Price: $181.00
Sale Price: $93.18
You save: $87.82 (49%)

 

Description

Ultra compact and powerful, Streamlight's Strion LED rechargeable flashlight offers three microprocessor-controlled variable intensity modes, strobe mode and the latest in power LED technology. The combination of rechargeable batteries and high output from the C4 LED technology results in one of the lowest operating costs of any flashlight made...

MAGLITE AM2A016 Mini AA Flashlight Accessory Pack MAGLITE AM2A016 Mini AA Flashlight Accessory Pack

List Price: $6.10
Sale Price: $1.93
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Description

Accessory Pack for AA Aluminum Flashlight, Includes Pocket Clip, Lanyard Wrist Strap With Key Ring, Lens Holder, Red Clear And Amber Lens

MAGLITE ASXX376 Accessory Pack for D-Cell Flashlight MAGLITE ASXX376 Accessory Pack for D-Cell Flashlight

List Price: $13.06
Sale Price: $4.93
You save: $8.13 (62%)

 

Description

D Cell Accessory Kit. Includes: Anti-roll device red amber and blue lenses (2) mounting brackets

Riester Ri-Scope L Set: Otoscope, Ophthalmoscope, Plug-in Handle, One Battery Riester Ri-Scope L Set: Otoscope, Ophthalmoscope, Plug-in Handle, One Battery

 
Welch Allyn Panoptic W/blue Filter & Lens 11820 Welch Allyn Panoptic W/blue Filter & Lens 11820

List Price: $1,105.92
Sale Price: $400.00
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Description

Panoptic W/blue Filter & Lens

Nikon SJ-1 Color Gel Flash Filter Set + Batteries + Cleaning Kit for Nikon SB-80DX, SB-600 & SB-800 Speedlights Nikon SJ-1 Color Gel Flash Filter Set + Batteries + Cleaning Kit for Nikon SB-80DX, SB-600 & SB-800 Speedlights

Sale Price: $33.95

 

Description

Kit includes:
♦ 1) Nikon SJ-1 Color Gel Flash Filter Set
♦ 2) Precision Design 4 NiMH Batteries with Rapid Charger
♦ 3) Precision Design Deluxe 6-Piece Lens & Digital SLR Camera Cleaning Kit

The Nikon SJ-1 gives you total creative control over color in your flash shots...

BenQ W6000 1080p DLP Projector BenQ W6000 1080p DLP Projector

List Price: $3,499.00
Sale Price: $1,729.00
You save: $1,770.00 (51%)

 

Description

BenQ's W6000 offers cutting-edge technology for cinema-class entertainment at home or for corporate presentations. Texas Instruments' DLP technology helps deliver high-def projections with advanced color processing, high brightness, and impressive contrast ratios...

Blue Ultimate Fusion 2pc Case Protective Cover Snap On Made for Apple iTouch 4 (4th Generation 8GB - 16GB - 32GB) + Includes a Crystal Clear High Quality HD Noise Filter Ear buds Earphones Headphones ( 3.5mm Jack ) + one Anti Glare Screen Protector Blue Ultimate Fusion 2pc Case Protective Cover Snap On Made for Apple iTouch 4 (4th Generation 8GB - 16GB - 32GB) + Includes a Crystal Clear High Quality HD Noise Filter Ear buds Earphones Headphones ( 3.5mm Jack ) + one Anti Glare Screen Protector

List Price: $39.99
Sale Price: $24.00
You save: $15.99 (40%)

 

Description

Ultimate 2 in 1 Fusion cover with Silicone Case for Apple iTouch 4 Protect your Top of the line Apple iTouch 4 with our Strong Durable Stylish Case made to absorb scratches, bumps and dents. Case was design to fit snugly in place with access to all connections, plugs and buttons...

Machine vision optical filters - Sump Pump EVM manufacturer - Vertical slurry pump EVM-150S

Choosing the correct optical filter for machine vision
Machine vision application developers know that considerable emphasis has been placed on choosing the correct lighting to achieve maximum contrast. While correct lighting can overcome many imaging problems, the wrong lighting can cause even the most sophisticated system to run too slow or give an excessive number of false rejects or false accepts. Compared to lighting hardware, little is understood about the use of filters in machine vision applications and we will attempt to address this important subject in this article.
Relative to most lighting equipment, filters are far less expensive, easier to obtain and, in many cases, are capable of producing significantly better results. Knowing which filter to select, which options are readily available and where to get them can all be problems. Despite this, a variety of off-the-shelf filters are available from a number of vendors and this low-cost investment can result in very large returns. In many cases, when faced with developing a machine vision system that involves a lighting problem, it makes sense to examine the benefits of optical filters first before ordering lighting hardware.
Testing different colors of LED (Light Emitting Diodes) lighting can be cumbersome, expensive and time consuming. To understand whether a proposed color may be a good choice, placing a filter in front of the camera lens provides a quick way to determine whether a desired effect will occur. Testing can involve the use of a single filter or combination of filters that may serve more than one function. Those who are not sure what effect different colors may have should consider acquiring a machine vision filter kit (such as Midwest Optical Systems #FK100), a swatchbook or a variety of filters to use as a tool. To understand what these filters are doing, it is important that spectral data or transmission curves be supplied along with them.
A shroud is sometimes built to shield the inspection station from the effects of ambient light. Shrouds can be costly, elaborate and restrictive and have long lead times to construct. The use of band-pass filters should be examined as a simple and inexpensive method of accomplishing the same result. Ordering, receiving and testing filters can normally be completed in as little as a day or two. Filter types
In color applications, complementary colors (those colors opposite each other on a color wheel) form the most dynamic contrasts. The same is true when monochrome cameras are used, except that when using color filters, results are seen in black, white and varying shades of gray. In such cases, the optimum contrast between two subjects provides a very white white and a very black black within the same scene. This is accomplished by maximizing the amount of light transmitted in at least one wavelength range and minimizing the amount transmitted (or attenuated) in another range.
As an example, to brighten or highlight a subject that is predominantly blue, transmission in the blue portion of the spectrum must be maximized and much of the green, yellow, red and other portions of the spectrum blocked. olor filters attenuate light within some portion of the visible spectrum and have an obvious color. Such filters can be categorized as short-pass, long-pass and band-pass filters.
Short-pass filters permit shorter wavelengths of light to pass through while longer wavelengths are blocked. Long-pass filters do the opposite, passing longer wavelengths and blocking shorter wavelengths. These filters are usually identified by their 50% points; this point can roughly be thought of as the point where 50% of the light is being transmitted and 50% is being blocked a halfway point in the transition from blocking to transmitting, or vice versa. So a red 630nm long-pass filter, for example Midwest Part No. LP630, might be well suited for applications using 660nm LED or structured laser diode lighting. The filter blocks lower wavelength light, has a 50% point at 630nm and has very high transmission at 660nm and beyond. For obvious reasons, this LP630 long-pass filter would not be suitable for use with 630nm LEDs.
Continuing with the 660 nm LED lighting example, in order to achieve maximum contrast, 100% transmission at 660 nm is desirable, while most of the ambient light should be completely blocked, with as sharp of a cut-on and cut-off as possible. While to the human eye the LP630 may appear a good filter choice, most CCD/CMOS cameras have excellent near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity, and considerable near-ultraviolet sensitivity as well. Many of these cameras have sensitivity that peaks in the NIR. When a graphic representation of a typical CCD/CMOS spectral response curve is superimposed on the filter transmission curve, it becomes obvious that the LP630 does not block as much of the light to the camera as one might imagine (Figure 1). Perhaps slightly more than half of the extraneous light that the camera is sensitive to is being blocked. For this reason, Midwest Optical Systems recommends the use of a broad band-pass filter for these applications, such as our BP660 filter
(Figure 2).
A band-pass filter is named according to the central or peak wavelength that it transmits, will block longer and shorter wavelengths, resulting in improved contrast and better control over changes that may occur over time in ambient lighting conditions. In the case of band-pass filters, road is necessary in most machine vision applications because this allows for variations in the spectral characteristics of the LEDs or laser diodes. For example, most 660 nm LEDs will have at least a 10 nm tolerance assigned to their peak wavelength. The filter chosen must perform well over this entire range. A broad pass-band also allows a filter to perform well when wide-angle or shallow-incident angle lighting is used. Polarizing filters
Light reflected from a non-metallic surface such as glass, lacquer, plastic or liquid results in polarization of the reflected light. This polarized reflected light can be the result of uncontrolled ambient light but is more often from the light source chosen for illumination. As the angle of incidence of the light and the camera relative to the subject are about the same and approach 55 to normal, a lare and loss of contrast becomes more pronounced. Using a polarizing filter can reduce or eliminate this problem.
Polarizing filters can also be used to highlight stress patterns in clear plastic or glass, or to determine whether glass has been properly tempered.
Many polarizing filters consist of a plastic film, a very fine, enetian blind grid that is laminated between two pieces of glass. This grid, invisible to the eye and the camera sensor, is generally gray in color and allows visible light in only one polarization plane to pass through. By rotating the polarizing filter mounted on the lens, it works as an nalyzer to decrease highly polarized glare. Further reduction is possible by polarizing the light source. Polarizing plastic sheet material, 0.005 in. to 0.030 in. thick, can be easily cut to desired shapes and sizes to cover the light source. Neutral Density filters
When lighting conditions are extremely bright, neutral density filters can be essential. They generally appear gray in color and reduce the amount of light reaching the camera's sensor without effecting color balance or contrast. Such tock filters can range from an optical density (OD) of 0.30 (such as Midwest ND030), which transmits about 50% of visible light to OD 1.20 (Midwest ND120), which transmits about 6.25% of visible light. In addition, polarizing filters can also function as neutral density filters with an OD of 0.50 (Midwest PL032), transmitting about 32% of available light.
By standardizing part numbers based on OD, densities are additive when combining two or more filters. In these situations, an D scale is more convenient than using a % transmission scale. For example, an ND030 filter (OD = 0.30) used with an ND090 filter (OD = 0.90) would result in a combined OD of 1.20. Similarly, using two ND060 filters together would produce the same result.
Another common use for neutral density filters is to decrease the depth of field by allowing wider lens apertures to be used. This helps to separate subjects from their foreground and/or background as the subject will appears in focus, while the background will be out of focus. In situations involving very bright ambient light, or when cameras must be directed at high intensity beams, such as automotive headlamps, neutral density filters reduce the amount of light captured by the CCD/CMOS imager. Infra-red and ultra-violet
Working in the near infrared (NIR) or ultraviolet (UV) portion of the spectrum offers significant advantages. Contrast in the NIR can be greatly improved depending on the characteristics of the item under inspection. Perhaps 50% of the information captured in NIR images is significantly different when compared to those images captured with white light. This 50% rule can apply to any given type of subject. Unfortunately, without prior knowledge it is often impossible to tell how an image will appear in the NIR without experimentation. Fortunately, most CCD and CMOS cameras have excellent NIR sensitivity, so such tests can be performed quickly and easily by slipping a visible-blocking/IR-pass filter over the camera lens. When a difference does appear, such filters can provide the optimum separation between subject and background.
When working in the IR, the camera spectral response must be understood and the lighting and filtering properly matched. For example, one would not use 940nm LEDs if the camera response were close to zero at 940nm. Today, the most commonly used IR LED wavelength is 880nm and, for most cameras, spectral response beyond 880nm drops off rapidly. This is true even for those cameras that advertise excellent NIR sensitivity, although their response at 880nm can be 2-3X greater than that of a standard CCD. For this reason, an IR band-pass filter is normally not recommended. A long-pass IR filter for blocking shorter wavelengths, such as an 830nm long-pass filter, should be used. In a sense, the camera itself filters the longer wavelengths; a band-pass filter would result in increased cost and/or some reduction in peak transmission.
In what are usually referred to as UV applications, 99% of inspections are not performed in the UV. Such applications use UV or shorter wavelength lighting to excite a part or material under inspection. This material then emits light, usually somewhere in the visible portion of the spectrum. This fluorescence can often be weak and difficult to image. For such applications, a visible band-pass filter that is appropriate for the emission wavelength is recommended. This band-pass filter should provide maximum transmission over the given wavelength range and block as much of the rest of the ambient light as possible, particularly the UV portion of the spectrum being emitted by the light source. With the use of CMOS cameras becoming widespread, a larger number of cameras now seem to have significant UV sensitivity.
As a side note, it is also very important to select UV lighting that matches the luminescent material. Selecting 390nm LED lighting may seem to make economic sense, but if the material excitation wavelength is at 365nm, this can be a poor choice. Under even the most optimal conditions, fluorescence can be extremely weak and difficult to detect if the wrong LED lighting is selected. Conclusion
As can be seen, reducing the effects of extraneous light can significantly improve contrast, speeding up or improving the accuracy of the machine vision inspection. When there may be short- or long-term changes in ambient lighting, optical filters can also provide assurance that the results obtained by the machine vision system will not be affected. Categories: Optical filtersHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from September 2007 | All pages needing cleanup
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